Topics For A Causal Analysis Essay

Topics For A Causal Analysis EssayThe topic for a causal analysis essay requires that you are able to present the facts clearly in a manner that is not misleading. One of the best ways to do this is by using an approach that is less risky than a deductive argument, and this can be achieved by using traditional, non-formal arguments to demonstrate the causal link.While there are many ways to do this, the most common method is to show that something happens only because it has a cause. This form of argument is known as the Causal Rule. You can demonstrate this with a simple example, but if you do not have the opportunity to do so, this type of argument may be easy to remember.Causal graphs can also be used to make the argument. The approach for this type of essay is similar to the normal graph that you might have seen in statistics textbooks, except that you do not need to build a connection between two points. The thing that you do have to do is show that the variables are all connect ed in some way.The problem is that when we talk about causality, we have to deal with very large numbers of variables. In fact, there is a general perception that the number of variables that can affect a particular outcome is infinitesimal. In other words, the probability of observing a certain event is zero, and it would take a very long time to examine all the possibilities and determine what could have caused it. This perception is true, but even if it were true, we would still expect to see some correlation between the outcomes that do occur.To illustrate this point, take a look at the power law or Gaussian correlation function. This can be thought of as the most common way to demonstrate causality, and is used most often to demonstrate a relationship between different variables. There are four possible correlations, which include the normal correlation and the Correlated Coefficient. Since they all have the same sign, it follows that if one variable changes, it will usually ca use the other to change as well.When dealing with causality, it can be useful to explain why you think that the concept is important to analyze. One reason is that causality is usually impossible to prove, because it cannot be seen. In other words, we cannot watch something happen and try to know whether it happened because of its cause, or if it happened because of something else.With the power law for causality, it can be a helpful and well thought out aspect of the causal analysis that gives a different perspective on how to organize the data. It may be a good idea to make your own and start with a simple application that shows you how it can be used.This article was written to give you a simple way to start your Causal Analysis essay. There are other ways to go about it, and it is possible to use this method to add more concepts to the presentation.

U.s. National Security Strategy Essay - 1562 Words

â€Å"Climate change is an urgent and growing threat to our national security, contributing to increased natural disasters, refugee flows, and conflicts over basic resources like food and water.† These words from the U.S. National Security Strategy show the United States is moving forward on addressing the challenges posed by climate change. The Department of Defense published the 2014 Climate Change Adaption roadmap establishing three overarching goals and four lines of effort to guide geographic combatant commands, military agencies, and departments in their efforts to identify and meet the challenges of climate change. Of all the challenges, one needs more emphasis today since it could have far reaching impacts on U.S. National Security Interests: the ever-growing scarcity of water resources. Water, essential to human life as much as the air we breathe, is becoming a more valuable resource as areas once with abundant water are now running low and nations must make choices on how to provide and share this resource not only with their citizens but with their neighboring countries as well. Asia, with 65 percent of the world’s population but with only 47 percent of the global average of fresh water per person must work with its neighbors to develop sustainable and share sustainable water resources. The Middle East’s ongoing water crisis could lead to government instability, civil war, and failed states. Over Sixty percent of the regions surface water flows fromShow MoreRelatedU.s. National Security Strategy1398 Words   |  6 Pagespresidency, President Obama determined that increasing our strategic focus on the Asia-Pacific Region and rebalance our national power and resources toward this region. This shift from the war footing in Iraq and Afghanistan to an increased peace and stability in East Asia was determined to be in the best national interests of the United States in the 2015 National Security Strategy. This strategic shift would have two major focus areas. First, the United States would focus on peace and stabilityRead MoreU.s. National Security Strategy1382 Words   |  6 Pagesmost complex and stubborn national security strategy issues that the United States has had to deal with. Once a key U.S. ally in the region, Iran is now a chief protagonist. To complicate matters, recently, the U.S. has found itself simultaneously an adversary and a quasi-ally of Iran. An example of this duality would be: on one hand, Iran has provided support to terrorist organizations, like Al-Qaeda, that have attacked the U.S. and its allies. On the other hand, the U.S. has found itself on theRead MoreU.s. National Security Strategy1472 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Strong and sustained American leadership is essential to a rules-based intern ational order that promotes global security and prosperity as well as the dignity and human rights of all peoples.† This statement from the most recent U.S. National Security Strategy indicates that the White House administration acknowledges the current international order is shaped constitutionally, or is â€Å"rule-based.† Globalization has made states and individuals increasingly interdependent and interconnected. GlobalizationRead MoreU.s. National Security Strategies And Policies1231 Words   |  5 PagesFor this progress assignment I would like to describe homeland security as it is defined in the various U.S. national security strategies and policies. In addition I would like to speak to the difference between Homeland Security and Homeland Defense to include mission areas, task, operational responsibilities, and coordinating efforts. Homeland Security The establishment of the Department of Homeland security is, undoubtedly, a result of the lessons learned and identification of the need to protectRead MoreU.s. National Security Strategy 20142155 Words   |  9 PagesMONGOLIA using the operational variables of PMESII-PT and its role in the U.S. strategy in the Pacific Command (PACOM). With the the majority of attention being given to a more aggressive China or perhaps violent extremist organizations (VEO’s) in Southeast Asia, it is easy to forget about Mongolia. Although, those threats in Southeast Asia and the growing tensions with China cannot be ignored, it would be foolish of the U.S. to ignore the country of Mongolia. In fact, further developing relationsRead MoreC200 Exam Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesto the United States’ national interest. The vital national interest at risk in President Obama’s address is the security and safety of the American people as well as the â€Å"security of our allies and the common security of the world.† By involving the military and increasing the troop strength, President Obama can achieve the objectives of his strategy. His objectives are to keep the Taliban from becoming powerful, prevent them from government rule, improve Afghanistan security forces and governmentRead MoreNational Security Strategy for a New Era1471 Words   |  6 Pagesunidentified is a comprehensive strategy for United States national security. What are the priorities for American national security today, and how can they effectively be met? What are the overarching goals of the United States going and how can they be achieved? Answers to these questions are too often divided along partisan lines, making it difficult to construct a strategy that most policy-makers can support. Yet like a rudder on a ship, the U.S. needs a central strategy that has bipartisan supportRead MoreNational And International Security Threats896 Words   |  4 PagesNational and internation al security threats are typically perceived as conflict between nations or populations of people and are addressed with military strategies. However, as security is defined as †¦ (Define security) not all threats emanate from nations in conflict. The environment, for example, can threaten the safety of people, and therefore becomes and national security issue. Brown (1977) states â€Å"†¦threats to security may now arise less from the relationship of nation to nation and moreRead MoreThe Importance Of Security In War1058 Words   |  5 PagesThe Jaish al-Mahdi understood and exploited U.S. public opinion. This incident demonstrated that adversaries can achieve success by conducting influence operations. China identifies cyberspace as a key domain to project power and dominance. Chinese military strategists believe that information operations are directly linked to success or defeat in war and priority should be given to launching preemptive attacks. In 2005, China infiltrated numerous secure government systems and successfully retrievedRead MoreThe United States Faces Security Challenges1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States faces several national security challenges. For one, it has seemingly lost its leadership role in space activities. Other countries, such as China, are ramping up investments in space, while â€Å"NASA’s budget is at a historic low as a share of the overall federal budget.† Return on investments in space technology has benefitted the civilian space program and the military alike. U.S. military operations and intelligence collection rely on space systems and â€Å"access to these capabilities

Cause and Effect on World War 1 Essay - 743 Words

Cause and Effect on World War 1 World War One, a huge conflict that sparked in 1914 and lasting all the way until 1918. The war was between the world’s greatest powers as two opposing sides; the Central Powers and the Allies. It was a chain of events that had started this was which consist of key features such as imperialism, alliances, growth of militarism, crisis, and nationalism. It was the result of these accumulating factors that had eventually evoked war. The effects on World War One included over 8 million deaths, higher taxes, rationing of food, and etc. Imperialist is considered a primary cause of war. With Europe’s growing economy and wealth, rivalries and competition for colonies among European nations were more†¦show more content†¦All of these factors where established in many of Europe’s â€Å"Great Powers† which consisted of Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. The main cause focused on what I stated above, in the previous sentences. Th e causes of World War 1 include a growing sense of militarism, which was accompanied by arms race, and imperialism. Imperialism as economic rivalries and competition for colonies among European nations were prevalent. What were the effects on World War 1? This war had a few effects on America society, though the war instigated problems, causing n effect that is negative on the American home front. â€Å"Americans experienced a lot of problems, like the narrowing of our rights and the war caused a patriotic sense to America that got to the point where people were discriminating people from other backgrounds.† Also, from many soldiers drafted to war more job opportunities were available. Though this seemed like a good thing, negative effects came out of it The war itself left an everlasting impact. After this was women were gaining more rights. They were gaining rights such as voting and sexual equality. The male dominance patriarchal ideas weren’t so strong anymore. The United States entered the war with the mindset of being neutral and isolated. Russia left the war allowing them to deal with the conflicts. The effects of the war included over 8.5 million deaths,Show MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Imperialism1139 Words   |  5 Pagesimperialism causes. Imperialism is when a dominant country seeks to increase their size and forces (either by war or diplomacy) a smaller country to submit to their rule. The Age of Imperialism began in the 1870s and went until World War 1. During this time imperialism was very prevalent and the events that took place during this time had lasting effects and still affect us to this day. While imperialism could be seen as beneficial, especially to the dominant country, it is has many negative effe cts. ItRead MoreTo what extent was Germany to blame for the start of World War 11473 Words   |  6 Pageswas Germany to blame for the start of World War 1? During the beginning of the 19th Century Europe was crossing a period characterized by great technological advancements and scientific optimism, but it was also subject to hostile relations between many of its main powers. These hostilities transformed into war on the 28th of June 1914,when a 19 year old terrorist, Gavrilo Princip, assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, creating the cause of war that one month later brought Austria-HungaryRead MoreWar And Its Effects On Society And Economics1087 Words   |  5 Pages War has been used for many years to solve the world’s problems, back then war had honorable reasons for conflict and if not the nations in war would at least fight honestly. Yes, war had provided jobs and money, but it has also taken many lives. War is one of the most catastrophic events that can wipe out a race off the face of the earth. When you see war on the news all you see is poverty, deaths, and destruction taking place. If you look back at history you’ll notice that war has been around forRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Nuclear Weapons1739 Words   |  7 PagesHiroshima, and what happened after the detonation in the next few minutes changed the course of the world for many generations to come. Nuclear weapons are the cause of major destruction and an imminent threat always looming on our heads, and the effects of a â€Å"Hot War† or a single modern bomb dropped can be catastrophic. Scientists have spent years studying and calculating the effects of such a war, â€Å"Roughly 1.5 million people die in that first flash of light. Another 1.5 million — men, women andRead MoreThe Arms Race and How it Changed the United States of America1415 Words   |  6 PagesRonald Reagan called the Soviet Union (Rudolph 1). Unsurprisingly, the Soviet Union was similarly upset at the United States. This anger is what fueled the arms race. During the Cold War, due to fears of nuclear attack, the US and Soviet Union designed and deployed thousands of nuclear warheads, each hoping to deter the other from nuclear launch with threat of counter attack (O’Neal 1). This massive arms buildup, however, had many negative effects on the US. To recognize the impact that the armsRead MorePsychological Effects Of War Has On Soldiers821 Words   |  4 Pages War has been known to cause negative mental effects among soldiers. Whether it be PTSD, depression, or a change in personality, war takes its toll. Because of its application to the real world, this common theme is often expressed in literature. In Tim O’Brien’s â€Å"The Things They Carried,† he explains the physical and mental burdens that soldiers carry. He also describes how these burdens create psychological stress and eliminate soldiers’ ability to feel normal emotion. Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Soldier’sRead MoreWorld War I Essay862 Words   |  4 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;World War I was the result of leaders aggression towards other countries which was supported by the rising nationalism of the European nations. Economic and imperial competition and fear of war prompted military alliances and an arms race, which further escalated the tension contributing to the outbreak of war. One cause of the World War was militarism, which is a policy in which military preparedness is of primary significance to a situation. Another cause of the World War was nationalismRead MoreDbq on Causes and Effect of the Crusades and Word Wars1133 Words   |  5 PagesDuring world history, there existed many reasons for wars to occur. There are Economic, Political Social reasons that caused the Crusades the World Wars to take place. These wars had different outcomes; both expected unexpected ones. Seljuk turks (Muslims) invaded the Byzantine Empire conquered Palestine. The Byzantine Emperor asked pope Urban 2 to help chase the Muslims out get back the Holy Land (Palestine) in the year 1095. The Pope agreed, making a speech in the Council of ClemontRead MoreKorean War On North Korea1023 Words   |  5 PagesKorean war affected almost millions of people in Korea. Other people’s inhumane actions due to their greed and manipulating their power caused unjustified deaths. Those deaths odes not worth any a penny they gained after the war. A person’s life cannot be paid with money. Those people are willing to kill because of land and resources. The Korean War not only affected both South and North Korea but it also affected many countries all over the world, especially, America. Since America played a bigRead MoreMilitary War: Cause and Effect553 Words   |  3 PagesMilitary War cause and effect All living things need the resources provided by our natural world to live, leading to them adapting to specific environments. Animals in particular are mobile creatures that move from place to place searching for the best environments for their survival. The most intelligent creatures in our animal world are human beings and like other animals, they moved from place to place while organized into races in search of the elusive desirable environments. However, there

Domain of Health Supplements

Question: Discuss about the Report for Domain of Health Supplements. Answer: 1. Blackmores Limited is a public listed company based in Australia which is the market leader in the domain of health supplements which are wide in coverage and include various micronutrients (i.e. vitamins and minerals) besides other health supplements. The company does not limit to the marketing of these products but also manufactures the same. As a result, the company boasts of a product range which is greater than 500. Additionally, besides Australia neighbouring New Zealand, the company has sizable presence in a plethora of nations associated in South East Asia (Blackmores. 2016). There are three key profit drivers of the company. Firstly, the company if focusing on better leverage in terms of online platforms so as to achieve greater penetration and sales of the current product line. The growth engine for the company in the recent times and also in the near future would be the Asian markets and thus profits derived would be directly driven by the performance and penetration achieved in these markets. Besides, the company aims at constant innovation to offer new products in line with the dynamic customer needs and enhancing the overall operational efficiency to maximise profits (Blackmores. 2016). The company has posted impressive results in the recent times backed by growth in both topline and bottomline but there are certain risks that need to be managed. The company may face supply constraints with regards to the various natural ingredients it requires to manufacture the supplements. Besides, there may be issues with regards to product quality which may adversely impact sales and may also dent the brand image of the company. Further, the industry is subject to a host of regulatory guidelines in various geographies and as these get more stringent in the future, it may require higher costs to ensure the same at increased cost (Blackmores. 2016). 2. Yes, cost objects can be identified in the annual report. These include raw materials and consumables used, selling and marketing expenses, employee benefits expenses etc. (Bhimani et. al., 2008). One example of product cost associated with Blackmores Limited is raw materials and consumables used and in FY2016 it amounts to $ 214.263 million (Blackmores. 2016). Three period costs are selling and marketing expenses, repairs and maintenance expenses, professional and consulting expenses (Seal, Garrison Noreen, 2012). Selling and marketing expenses are period costs as these cost are incurred by the company irrespective of the fact whether sales happens or not. Repair and maintenance expenses are also period costs as these are ongoing expense whose level is not impacted by the level of product sales. Professional and consulting expenses are also period costs as these are ongoing expense whose level is independent of the level of product sales. (d) CVP analysis can be used in the given case as the various assumptions such as price of unit sales, variable cost and fixed cost are constant for the company. Hence, using the CVP analysis, the break even volume can be computed using the given information on revenue and costs from the income statements (Drury, 2008). (e) The company has dividend operations into segments based on underlying geography and product. The information about the same as in FY2016 is indicated below (Blackmores, 2016). Australia - $ 495.43 million China (in country) - $ 48.014 million Other Asia - $ 81.36 million BioCueticals - $ 69.17 million Others - $ 23.237 million (f) The budgetary system is in operation in the company which is apparent from the information provided in the annual report with regards to the budgeted figures in terms of revenue growth in segments and other parameters as shown below. (g) The key element driving budgetary system would be revenue growth and this in turn would facilitate performance analysis. The company would prepare sales budget, cash budget, purchase budget and master budget (Bhimani et. al., 2008). References Bhimani, A, Horngren, CT, Datar, SM Foster, G 2008, Management and Cost Accounting 4th eds., Prentice Hall/Financial Times, Harlow Blackmores 2016, Annual Report 2016, Blackmores Website, Available online from https://www.blackmores.com.au/about-us/investor-centre/annual-and-half-year-reports (Accessed on October 16, 2016) Drury, C 2008, Management and Cost Accounting, 7th eds., Thomson Learning, London Seal, WB, Garrison, RH Noreen, EW 2012, Management Accounting, 4th eds., McGraw -Hill Higher Education, Maidenhead

Should Everyone Become a Vegetarian free essay sample

I have always held the view that killing an animal for food is morally wrong due to having being brought up as a vegetarian. Although I will maintain this lifestyle for as long as I live, I have begun to understand why the majority of people find vegetarianism a mystery. Around two million land animals are slaughtered everyday in the UK alone to be devoured by humans #. Whether this is a surprise to you or not, this is a big proportion of livestock and there is bound to be millions of more animals being killed for the same reason in the rest of the world. Despite this fact, these two million animals will be fed to over two million mouths in the UK. If farmers had to cut down on how much meat they produce or completely stop it all together, they would not be able to sustain a good way of life due to poor income. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Everyone Become a Vegetarian? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A way to resolve this would be to encourage farmers to commence dairy farming and grow a wider range of crops. Even though I can fully appreciate a meat eater’s point of view, it also bothers me that some livestock have to live in inhumane conditions #. These conditions include a vast number of cattle being crammed into a very small and tight area. I strongly feel that theses animals should be able to obtain a peaceful life while they are still alive. Just because they are going to die anyway doesn’t mean they should be treated horrifically during their lifetime. Imagine the human race having to live in small rooms, being fed a spoonful of food a day until the day we die. Humans, animals or any living thing all have to die some day and shouldn’t have to suffer before then. Another way to look at it is animals have been used for meat for over millions of years that it is almost a natural way of living #. It is like any other animals, for example, if a lion kills a zebra, is that not just the same as humans killing cows for instance? If livestock were to be set free into the wild, would they be able to survive? Some animals were born to hunt and other animals were born to be hunted, it is just part of life. However, I think eating eggs from free running hens is acceptable as hens lay eggs naturally through the duration of their lives. Taking and eating the hens eggs does not seem to bother or disrupt the hens which is one of the reasons why I think eating eggs is tolerable. People are obviously beginning o understand why buying free range eggs is so important as most supermarkets and grocery shops now sell them. Correspondingly, I feel it is okay to eat other dairy products produced from cows and goats that have been treated well but these types of products are more difficult to come across. A lot of vegetarians would agree that vegetarianism is just as healthy as a meat eater’ s diet. We get all of our protein from diary products such as eggs and just the same as everybody else, we get our vitamins from fruit and vegetables. According to selected sources, vegetarians do not have a very healthy lifestyle at all. Apparently fruit and vegetables are contaminated with sewage, sludge, viruses and pesticides but aren’t all foods just the same? It has also been proven that being a vegetarian or eating vegetables do not increase or decrease the risk of colon cancer #. In fact eating too much meat gives you high cholesterol which contributes to cardiovascular disease. This can then result in heart attacks, strokes and sometimes leads to a much more serious disease #. Many people don’t realise the effects vegetarianism would or could have on the world as a whole and third world countries. billion people suffer from hunger and malnutrition in the world and over 40 million people die each year due to starvation – most of which are children#. Also, in the US, livestock consume 70% of all the grain produced, that’s more than one third of the worlds grain diverted from feeding people to livestock #. If people were fed this grain instead of the livestock the number of people who die of starvation and malnutrition would decrease dramatically and would make a big difference. This is how much vegetarianism could affect these third world countries. The last issue to discuss is ecology and the environment. It may sound bizarre but this issue plays and equally large part of how vegetarianism can make a difference to the environment. Raising animals for meat in the rainforest can lead to rainforest destruction. Since the 1960s, 25% of Americas rainforests have been burned and cleared to create pasture for beef cattle and the cattle are then made into hamburgers which destroys 55 square feet of tropical rainforest. Cattle also affect global warming as their gas is harmful to the atmosphere. To conclude, I fully appreciate both sides of vegetarianism. Vegetarians have as good a health as people who eat meat. They can obtain the vitamins and iron they need to have a healthy lifestyle just like meat eaters are able to do. Unfortunately so many people who eat meat do not realise what goes on behind the process of meat such as the abuse and mistreatment of animals before they are slaughtered. I believe that if this was revealed to people, a lot of people would convert to vegetarianism. Personally, although I have been a vegetarian all my life and have never tasted meat, I still think eating meat is erroneous and cruel but it’s something I’ll just have to ignore.

The Applications of Waterjets Essay Essays

The Applications of Waterjets Essay Essays The Applications of Waterjets Essay Essay The Applications of Waterjets Essay Essay In 16’Th century. Toogood and Hays for the first clip proposed waterjet propulsion system. as reported by J. S. Carlton [ 1 ] . At that period of clip. waterjet propulsions were used in high-velocity pleasance trade and work boats. However. in recent old ages. this system has been considered for big high-velocity trades. Consequently. many immense waterjet units have been used in broad scope of ships such as rider and naval trades. The waterjet propulsion is a complex system. On the contrary. the prison guard propellors are simpler. lighter and more efficient than waterjet system. However. the reaching of more efficient pumps. the necessity for seasonably presenting the critical commercial ladings. and the needed manoeuvrability for peculiar vass have made the use of waterjets more attractive. It is normal to split this type of propulsion system into a hull and a waterjet. It has been demonstrated that waterjet-hull interaction can impact the overall efficiency more than 20 % [ 2 ] . Normally. waterjet system is broken down into subsystems and an expressed modular attack is applied to analyse them. In order to measure the interaction between the hull and the jet. a parametric method is used. In 1980. an early part related to the jet-hull interaction is attributed to Etter et Al. [ 3 ] . A complete reappraisal of the bing dealingss for waterjet-hull public presentation is presented by Allison [ 4 ] . Van Terwisga [ 2 ] proposed a parametric propulsion anticipation method for the waterjet driven trade. Several numerical methods were devoted to analyze the flow behaviour in every portion of waterjet system by many research workers whose plants were submitted to the ITT Conference [ 5 ] . A complete design method that utilized the numerical strategy for the analysis of system parts has been used by CCDOTT [ 6 ] . N. W. H. Bulten [ 7 ] used CFD methods to plan and analyse the whole jet system. Besides. a flush-type waterjet propulsion unit was designed with different interior diameter impellers by Moon et Al. [ 8 ] . In a related work. analysis of a waterjet axial pump was performed numerically [ 9 ] . They investigated the public presentation of the axial-flow-type waterjet based on the fluctuation of the impeller tip clearance. The chief differentiation between the process implemented here and the old methods is that the present method applies the empirical. analytical and numerical methods at the same time to make a conceptual design of the waterjet system. By numerical analysis. recess design parametric quantities that describe theoretical account geometry have been specified. Furthermore. a simple two-dimensional recess theoretical account has been used here alternatively of a complex 3-D geometry. By this method. we have an acceptable propulsion system in a short clip. Consequently. a complete jet system design codification has been developed that combines the empirical. analytical and numerical methods. By sing the ship geometry restrictions and hydrodynamic belongingss. this package proposes suited jet conceptual design parametric quantities. Consequently. by utilizing simple 2-D sphere for recess canal and computed force per unit area distributions for different recess angles. an optimal recess has been proposed which leads to minimum losingss and maximal efficiency. 2. Basic Theory of System Waterjet propulsion system has three chief constituents: Inlet. Pump and Nozzle. Figure 1 shows typical waterjet agreement while Figure 2 demonstrates the idealised profile of the jet system. Sea H2O enters the system with the speed and leaves it with a different speed. The mass flow rate of the H2O through the waterjet is given by where and are the country of nozzle mercantile establishment and denseness of H2O. severally. The push produced by the system is equal to the rate of alteration of impulse: Appraisal of Wake ParameterThe waterjet recess provides flow from beneath the ship to the waterjet pump. The waterjet recess is located near the austere country of the ship. and as a consequence influx to the flower waterjet recesss will include a important sum of hull boundary bed flow. This means that for a flush waterjet recess. the flow come ining the waterjet recess has a impulse speed. . which is less than the ship velocity. . due to the inclusion of hull boundary bed flow. The sum of the hull boundary bed flow which is included in the recess flow is of import as it can impact the size. public presentation. and propulsive efficiency of the waterjet pump and must be taken into consideration during the design stage of a waterjet pump. Prediction of the recess impulse speed requires a thorough apprehension of the boundary bed speed profile which is instrumental for appraisal of the boundary bed thickness. where. is the unvarying velocity at far watercourse ( in this instance is considered to be the ship-speed ) and is the speed inside the boundary bed ( but here. it is the flow velocity at the recess due to the boundary bed ) . Figure 5 shows the computed values of aftermath parametric quantity and the boundary bed thickness as maps of ship speed. It is rather obvious that these two important parametric quantities decline as ship speed additions. However. the value of aftermath parametric quantity is about 0. 9 and this parametric quantity could be considered as a changeless measure. 4. Validation of Design Parameters As mentioned before. chief consequences of the current codification in the signifier of mass flow rate. pump caput and power have been compared with the available consequences of design package and theoretical account trial [ 6 ] . A scope of informations made available by the current codification was compared with that provided by the CCDOTT package [ 6 ] . Furthermore. comparing was made between the consequences of the current codification with the CCDOTT experiment for the design point shown in figures 6. 7. and 8. ‘WJ’ mark in comparing figures shows the consequences of the present method. Figure 6 shows the comparing of the mass flow rate for the experimental design point. the current method and fast ferry computed consequences which was offered by CCDOTT [ 6 ] . Besides. figures 7 and 8 present the same comparings for system caput and power. severally. These figures demonstrate that the bing mistakes between the consequences of the current codification and the experimental informations are by and large lower than 5 % . Based on the presented proofs. it can be concluded that the off-design consequences are rather dependable. The off-design consequences become peculiarly of import when the high-speed trade tends to make a maximal velocity over the chief bulge of the speed-resistance curve. because the power which is produced by the engine in off-design status is sometimes lower than the needed value The current codification is capable to calculate the recess country and pump diameter from impulse equation and geometry bounds. Based on these computed consequences. empirical theory was used to foretell the system losingss and basic geometrical parametric quantities. It was found that egg-shaped recesss have more advantages than the rectangular recesss. Experiments show that egg-shaped recess geometry with aspect ratio of 1. 3 is the best recess signifier for flush type jet [ 2 ] . Figure 9 shows the parameterized geometry of the recess profile. Obviously. a just recess profile has many advantages. but sometimes transom geometry and aft signifier of ship impose restrictions. To study the recess profile form and to analyse the flow over this sphere. some geometrical parametric quantities have been defined. Cavitation and separation could happen at two points at different recess speed ratios [ 11 ] . Figures 10 and 11 show the places of the cavitation and separation phenomena at low and high recess speed ratios. severally. The chance of cavitation happening was shown by the current work to be a map of the recess angle. ramp radius among other design parametric quantities. In the interim. Inlet angle was found to be the most influential parametric quantity which affects the cavitation happening and as such. the best recess angle was determined. Based on this observation. it was decided that commanding of the cavitation happening be done throughfluctuation of the recess angle while maintaining other parametric quantities constan t. Numeric Analysis of the Inlet DuctWhen planing a high-velocity waterjet recess. it is hard to accomplish an optimal design that is both efficient and has low drag. This is because cavitation occurs in the H2O that is unfavourable to both retarding force and efficiency. Cavitation by and large occurs when the local force per unit area on a organic structure traveling in a fluid drops to or below the vapor force per unit area of the fluid. When making the vapour force per unit area. little â€Å"bubbles† or pits are produced. These pits will fall in when they reach a higher-pressure part and do a little â€Å"water hammer† to organize. This phenomenon is called cavitation. Cavitation can bring forth the negative effects of noise. quiver. and eroding or harm to the recess. and hence. must be avoided in order to safeguard the efficiency and the retarding force. RANS2 codification has been used to happen force per unit area distribution around the recess canal. Planar geometry of waterjet recess canal has been modeled. Additionally. a rectangular part is constructed around the hull to stand for the boundaries of the ocean. Since the ocean is non really bounded. those boundaries will hold to either be placed adequately far off from the ship hull and defined as a wall. or placed closer to the hull to cut down the size of the job and defined as an gap. Once the mold was accomplished. an recess canal was analyzed for four different recess angles runing from 26 to 34 grades. and minimal force per unit area at the given recess angles were compared against the numerical findings of CCDOTT group [ 6 ] . This comparing in Figure 12 shows a good understanding between the proof base and numerical computations. Choice of the recess angle was done based on two different design considerations ; suited length of propulsion system and turning away of cavitation. Finding the optimal recess angle requires a test and mistake advancement. Consequently. a big angle was selected and possibility of cavitation was examined. gratuitous to state that presuming a proper safety factor is really of import in this advancement. Cavitation figure is defined as: ( 22 )When â€Å"† . cavitation starts. This implies that high cavitation Numberss give less hazard for cavitation. Figure 13 shows contours of cavitation Numberss in XY plane while Figure 14 presents the cavitation figure at the center line of the system for two different recess angles. These figures could furthermore bespeak how and where the cavitation could happen. Figure 14 shows how the system will run at a design velocity scope without cavitation at the recess incline when the recess angle becomes 26 grades. View old figure3-D analysis of recess canal which was done by CCDOTT shows that the minimal force per unit area occurs at the center line. On the other manus. the consequences of the current survey have good conformance with those of the mentioned 3D analysis. Therefore. Figure 14 could be considered as a dependable beginning for planing the recess canal. 7. Decision Coincident achievement of the conceptual and basic design every bit good as the analysis of waterjet propulsion system in a individual procedure is a cumbrous undertaking. Many analytic and empirical methods have been proposed to measure the influential parametric quantities of this system. Numeric methods are used for the analysis of the system public presentation. albeit non in a design procedure. In the current work. a peculiar method has been presented which covers all phases of the design and the analysis of waterjet propulsion system which has besides been validated by dependable consequences. Two different codifications have been developed. one for the analytical appraisal of the chief waterjet propulsion system parametric quantities and the other of numerical probe of the recess canal impacts. In the current strategy. a practical method is used to foretell the powering features of systems. Prediction of the public presentation of the waterjet system at the design point starts with finding of the needed push. jet diameter. shaft HP. and RPM which is done by a developed computing machine plan. During the elaborate hydrodynamic optimisation survey. the RPM. radial blade lading distribution. and other parametric quantities of the waterjet were varied to get at the optimal design for this power degree. Computed values of flow rate. caput rise. and power versus the speed ratio were compared against before reported experimental and numerical consequences. These comparings demonstrated good understandings bespeaking that the separate handling of the waterjet and hull designing procedure appears to be rather possible. The adoptive attack leads to a set of parametric dealingss that describes the interaction between the hull and the waterjet system. Because of this modular attack. the consequences can merely be refined during the design procedure of the vas. Empirical dealingss have been used for preliminary appraisal of the needed power for the vas. From this deliberate push and the assessed internal losingss in the waterjet system. the needed pump power can be found. Possible cavitation at the recess canal leads to erosion or quivers which must be avoided. In this paper. cavitation features at the recess were found by looking at the force per unit area distribution of the H2O around the recess gap. Consequently. the possibility of cavitation was investigated and controlled by close examination of the cavitation figure. Along the same line. optimal recess geometry was found based on the observation of force per unit area distributions at different recess angles. This whole procedure was achieved by a 2-D numerical codification written for the flow probe at the recess of the waterjet system. Numeric findings of the current 2-D codification compared with the earlier consequences of the 3-D mold show an first-class lucifer between the force per unit area distributions. As a consequence. one may reason that a drawn-out procedure of 3-D calculation can so be avoided and that similar consequences can easy be achieved by a 2-D analysis which is a less arduous procedure and saves much computational clip. Main geometrical parametric quantities for the design of waterjet propulsion system have been determined by the present method. By using these of import parametric quantities. a interior decorator is able to foretell the waterjet public presentation on a ship before geting at the basic design phase. Gratuitous to state that there are other considerations that must be taken into history which include necessary figure of jets. place of the propulsion system. and the consequence of the system on compartmental agreement of the ship.Notes 1Center for the Commercial Deployment of Transportation Technologies [ 1 ]Carlton. J. S. ( John S. ) . â€Å"Marine Propeller and Propulsion† . Oxford. Butterworth-Heinemann. 1994T. J. C. Van Terwisga. â€Å"A Parametric Propulsion Prediction Method For Waterjet Driven Craft† . Fast’97 Conference. paper No. 151. 1997. In articleT. J. C. Van Terwisga. â€Å"A Parametric Propulsion Prediction Method For Waterjet Driven Craft† . Fast’97 Conference. paper No. 151. 1997. In articleEtter. R. J. . Krishnamoorthy. V. and Sherer. J. O. . â€Å"Model Testing of waterjet Propelled Draft† . Proceedings of the 19th ATTC. 1980. In articleAllison. J. L. . â€Å"Marine Waterjet Propulsion† . SNAME Annual meeting. New York. 1993. In articleITTC. â€Å"The Specialist Committee on Waterjets† . 22th ITTC. InternationalTowing Tank Conference. 1998. In articleStanley Wheatley. â€Å"Development of a High-speed Sealift Waterjet Propulsion System† . Final Report. Center for the Commercial Deployment of Transportation Technologies California State University. Long Beach Foundation. September 30. 2003. In articleBulten. N. W. H. . â€Å"Numerical Analysis of Waterjet Propulsion System† . PhD Thesis. Technical University of Eindhoven. 2006. In articleMoon-Chan Kim. Ho-Hwan Chun. â€Å"Experimental Investigation into the public presentation of the Axial-Flow-Type Waterjet harmonizing to the Variation of Impeller Tip Clearance† . Ocean Engineering 34. pp. 275-283. 2007.

Not All Memes are Bad

Not All Memes are Bad Not All Memes are Bad Not All Memes are Bad By Maeve Maddox I’ve recently become interested in the concept of the meme (rhymes with seem). The word was coined by British biological theorist Richard Dawkins in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene. Dawkins is an evolutionist. He argues that the human mind evolves in a manner similar to biological natural selection. He wanted a word similar to gene to describe the way ideas and beliefs spread and mutate. He bases the word meme on a Greek word meaning â€Å"something imitated.† We need a name for the new replicator, a noun that conveys the idea of a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation. He gives examples: Examples of memes are tunes, ideas, catch-phrases, clothes fashions, ways of making pots or of building arches. Just as genes propagate themselves in the gene pool by leaping from body to body via sperms or eggs, so memes propagate themselves in the meme pool by leaping from brain to brain via a process which, in the broad sense, can be called imitation. Here’s the definition given in the OED: meme:  A cultural element or behavioural trait whose transmission and consequent persistence in a population, although occurring by non-genetic means (esp. imitation), is considered as analogous to the inheritance of a gene. The word meme and the idea behind it is itself a meme and has propagated a new branch of science called memetics. The new memeticists have expanded Dawkins’ original definition and are not presently in total agreement as to what exactly meme means. Outside the scientific realm, the word meme is used to describe the replication of words, phrases, and ideas on the internet. In this context it refers to the item that â€Å"goes viral.† Scientists are also quick to compare the meme to a virus or a parasite. I question the wisdom of this method of explaining the action of the meme in a scientific context. It fosters a negative attitude towards the word that does not apply to its sister word gene. virus: fig. and in figurative contexts: a harmful or corrupting influence; (a form of) moral or intellectual perniciousness. Also in weakened use: a phenomenon liable to spread rapidly and pervasively. OED Memes, like genes, should be studied as objectively as possible. Not all genes are â€Å"good.† Not all memes are â€Å"bad.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business LetterWriting the CenturyEnglish Grammar 101: Sentences, Clauses and Phrases